ACTA1, ACTA2, ACTB, ACTG1, ACTG2, AXIN1, BMP1, BMP10, BMP15, BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, CREBBP, CTBP1, CTBP2, DAB2, EP300, FLNA, FLNB, FLNC, FOXH1, HACE1, HDAC1, HDAC10, HDAC11, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, HDAC8, HDAC9, HECW1, ITCH, KPNB1, LEFTY2, PSMA2, PSMA3, PSMA4, PSMA6, PSMA7, PSMB10, PSMB4,... PSMB5, PSMB8, PSMB9, PSMC2, PSMC3, PSMC4, PSMC5, PSMD4, RAB5A, RAB5B, RAB5C, RAN, RNF8, SIN3A, SIN3B, SKI, SKIL, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMAD7, SMURF1, SMURF2, SNX6, STUB1, TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGFBRAP1, TGIF1, UBB, UBC, UBD, UBE3A, UBE3B, UBE3C, UBR1, UBR2, UBR5, WWP1, WWP2, XPO1, ZFYVE9
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Within the vasculature, TGF-Beta (Transforming Growth Factor-Beta) superfamily of secreted polypeptide growth factors play an important role in a variety of pathophysiologic processes, including angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, atherogenesis and in regu ...lating cellular responses such as growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, adhesion, survival, and specification of developmental fate. Apart from TGF-Beta, the superfamily also includes the Activins and the BMPs (Bone Morphogenetic Proteins). These factors signal through heteromeric complexes of Type-II and Type-I serine-threonine kinase receptors, which activate the downstream SMAD (Sma and Mad Related Family) signal transduction pathway. Based on their structures and known functional roles, the mammalian SMAD family members (Mad-homologues, MADH) fall into at least three broad classes: (i) the Co-SMADs (Co-mediator SMADs),participate in signaling by diverse TGF-Beta family members; (ii) the R-SMADs (Receptor-regulated SMADs), where are each involved in specific signaling pathways; and (iii) the antagonistic SMADs ,which negatively regulate these pathways. SMADs are ubiquitously expressed throughout development and in all adult tissues and many of are produced from alternatively spliced mRNAs.
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