AKT1, AKT1S1, BAD, CBL, CD55, CXCL12, EGFR, ELK1, ERBB2, FOS, GRB2, GSK3B, HRAS, IGF1, IGF1R, IL2, IL6, INSR, JUN, KDR, KIT, KRAS, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP2K3, MAP2K4, MAP2K5, MAP2K6, MAP3K5, MAPK1, MAPK10, MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK14, MAPK3, MAPK6, MAPK7, MAPK8, MAPK9, MAPT, MRAS, NRAS, PIK3C2A, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3R1, ...PIK3R2, PLCB1, PLCB2, PLCD1, PLCE1, PLCG1, PLCG2, PRKCA, PRKCB, PRKCD, PRKCE, PRKCQ, PRKCZ, RAF1, RPS6KA1, RPS6KA2, RPS6KA3, RPS6KA5, RPS6KB1, RPS6KB2, RRAS, RRAS2, SNCA, SRC, TGFB1, TNF, TNFRSF1A, TP73, TRAF2, TSC1, TSC2, TUBA3C, TUBA4A, TUBA8, TUBB1, TUBB2A, TUBG1, VIM, YAP1, YWHAB, YWHAE, YWHAG, YWHAH, YWHAQ, YWHAZ
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The 14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved adaptor and scaffolding proteins expressed in all eukaryotic cells. They are encoded by the YWHA family of genes. A striking feature of the 14-3-3 proteins is their ability to bind cellular proteins, including ... kinases, phosphatases, and transmembrane receptors. 14-3-3 proteins function as dimmers with each monomer able to bind a target. The primary function of the 14-3-3 proteins is to bind phosphoserine/threonine-containing motifs in a sequence-specific manner, e.g., RSxpSxP,mode-1 and RxxxpSxP,mode-2 (where pS represents phospho-serine), in a manner analogous to Src-homology 2 and phospho-tyrosine-binding domains that bind phosphotyrosine-containing motifs. This allows 14-3-3 to play important roles in a wide range of vital regulatory processes, such as neuronal development, mitogenic signal transduction, apoptotic cell death, cell cycle control, cell growth control, and viral and bacterial pathogenesis. 14-3-3 is abundant in the brain, but it is also present in almost all tissues, including testes, liver, and heart. Within a eukaryotic cell, 14-3-3 is largely found in the cytoplasmic compartment. However, 14-3-3 proteins can also be detected at the plasma membrane and in intracellular organelles such as the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus.
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